In September 2026, I began a research project on hybrid education, funded by Brazil's National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The topic is not new to me. I had already been studying these questions and supervising research on them. What changes now is how I approach them: in a more systematic and robust way, with a specific methodology. That methodology is cartography, which invites me to follow processes rather than look for ready-made definitions. The research group I belong to is also working on this topic, through undergraduate research projects, master's theses and doctoral dissertations.
One of the project's first moves was to look outward. I wanted to know how other countries define hybrid education and how those definitions relate to what happens in schools. I started with official documents from fourteen countries, across every continent. What I have found so far already says a great deal.
The first finding is that there is no single concept. The names change, and the emphases change with them.
In the United States, a 2015 federal law defines blended learning as a program that combines face-to-face instruction with technology-based instruction. The definition includes a decisive element: students must have some control over the time, path or pace of their learning. Singapore follows a similar direction. Since 2021, secondary students have had regular home-based learning days, designed to help them become self-directed learners. Every student receives a personal learning device, and schools stay open for those who cannot study at home.
In other countries, the combination is less visible. It does not go by the name "hybrid", but it comes with very concrete rules. In Japan, upper secondary schools may offer real-time remote classes, but these cannot exceed 36 of the 74 credits required to graduate. In Ontario, Canada, students must earn at least two online credits to receive their secondary school diploma. In New Zealand and in the Australian state of New South Wales, students remain enrolled at their own school and may take some subjects by distance when their school does not offer them. In all these cases, the physical school remains the center of the student's pathway, and online learning enters as a planned part of it.
Then there are countries where the combination appeared as a response to the pandemic. Portugal created a "mixed regime" for the 2020/2021 school year, but the regulation itself declared it exceptional and temporary. Colombia adopted "alternation" between in-person classes and work at home, which ended in 2021 with the full return to in-person schooling. India published digital education guidelines in 2020 that speak of a "mix" of schooling at home and at school, and that limit screen time. In Kenya, a 2021 policy adopts blended learning at all levels of education, with attention to connectivity and assistive technologies, but without rules on how it should happen in schools.
The cases of highly digitalized countries such as Finland and Estonia caught my attention. There, in-person teaching is the starting point. The documents I consulted indicate that there is no permanent legal basis for remote teaching of students of compulsory school age. In South Africa and Chile, I found documents on digital education and guidance from the pandemic period, but no regulation of how in-person and online learning should be combined.
And Brazil? The 2024 National Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary Education include an explicit definition. Hybrid education is the combination and/or integration of in-person activities, in the school's physical space, and non-in-person activities, mediated by teachers' planning and action and supported by digital technologies. Compared with other countries, it is a careful definition, because it places teachers' planning at the center. But it does not yet come with rules on instructional hours, assessment or conditions of access. And it does not mention student autonomy, which is so present in the American and Singaporean definitions.
These first findings tell us at least three things. First, hybrid education can have different emphases. It can revolve around student autonomy, teacher planning, or the organization of the curriculum into credits and subjects. Second, defining is not the same as regulating. Some countries have the term in law and few rules, while others lack the term but have very precise rules. Third, and to me fundamental: hybrid education is not distance education. In all the most consistent cases, the school remains the student's point of reference, and what changes is the way the school is inhabited. Confusing the two risks emptying the school rather than expanding it.
I want to be clear: the study is only just beginning. These are initial findings, based on the official documents I was able to consult, and much remains to be verified and explored in depth. The next step is the one that interests me most: understanding how these definitions connect, or fail to connect, with everyday life in schools. Because it is there, between the letter of the law and life in the classroom, that hybrid education actually happens.
I will keep sharing the next steps here. If you live, research or invent hybrid practices in your school, your experiences are also part of this map. Write to me.
