Logbook – October 2026 – 12:23 p.m., Brasília airport.
One of the things I have been trying to put into practice, whenever time allows, is to use the minutes or hours spent waiting for a return flight to Maceió to write something about the research findings.
This time I am writing on the eve of the second round of Brazil’s elections (just a few days away). The detail is not anecdotal. On recent visits to the Innovation Centers for Hybrid Education, the political calendar came up in conversation strikingly often. Documents had been taken offline because of the electoral blackout period. Teams had just finished explaining the policy to a new secretary of education. And near the end of the interviews, people said things in a hopeful tone: “I hope the network survives, that we get through this transition.”
We have now covered twelve territories: Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Tocantins, the Federal District, Acre, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Maranhão. Looking at them together, one question stands out: what sustains a public policy when people, administrations and governments change?
What the field shows about the management of the Centers is that each one has its own history, scale and pace. But when it comes to management, some forces recur in territories that are very far apart.
- Fragile teams, even where the work is intense. Some Centers have well-established production but teams that were never formally appointed. Others run on interns and scholarship holders with unstable contracts. Some once had full teams and lost them in an administrative reorganization, without being able to fill the positions again. And some Centers have been inaugurated, with equipment installed, but still have no team of their own.
- Institutional memory gets lost. When the team changes, knowledge of what has already been done often leaves with it. I heard from people who took over the coordination and found no record that the training planned in the implementation plan had ever taken place. Elsewhere, operating rules exist, but they live in people, not on paper.
- Every change of administration means explaining the policy all over again. In more than one territory, a new secretary of education meant the teams had to present the RIEH to the new leadership once more. Where the policy advances most strongly, there is almost always someone at the top who “embraced the project.” That is a real force, but also a point of fragility: whatever depends on one person is exposed when that person leaves.
- Systems that don’t talk to each other. A national-scale digital policy often runs into technical and administrative barriers. The RIEH platform may not be interoperable with the school systems’ own databases, and registration requirements can keep the material produced from reaching the national repository. In school systems with tens of thousands of students, what is not automated simply does not scale.
- What is produced circulates very little. Video lessons, tutorials and resources are recorded with care, but they often go back only to the teacher who made them. Others sit in internal drives or on channels the teams themselves consider insecure. There is rarely a catalog that would let another teacher find and reuse the material.
- Counterpart commitments and deadlines. States do not always fully meet their counterpart commitments. And the strategy itself was created with a defined term, which raises the question: how do you produce lasting effects within a time frame that is, by definition, finite?
Alongside all this, I met teams starting over with method, building their own guidance handbooks, model classrooms in virtual environments and materials accessible in Libras (Brazilian Sign Language). I also met school systems that chose clearly whom the policy is for first. Some, for example, give priority to evening upper secondary school, whose students work and face a high risk of dropping out, and treat hybrid education as a strategy for keeping them in school. And I saw that wherever there was accumulated experience before the RIEH (studios, technology-mediated teaching programs, trained teams), the policy found firmer ground to grow.
The pattern is clear: the infrastructure arrives and stays; it is the people and the bonds that would bring it to life that fluctuate. The Center remains, but the team that knows how to use it may not be there next year.
But how can we look at all of this as a public policy? Celina Souza (2006), in what has become a classic review, reminds us that public policy is the field that seeks to “put the government into action” and, when necessary, to propose changes in the course of that action. The definition is useful precisely because it shows that a policy does not end when it is published. The Ordinance that created the RIEH, the National Digital Education Policy law and the definition of hybrid education in the National Curriculum Guidelines for Upper Secondary Education make up the normative plane. But the policy only truly exists when someone sets it in motion in a concrete territory.
Implementation studies help explain why that movement is so difficult. More than fifty years ago, Pressman and Wildavsky (1973) showed how well-designed policies got lost on their way to the front line, because each link in the chain multiplied the chances of deviation. Michael Lipsky (1980) shifted attention to “street-level bureaucrats”: the teachers, technicians and managers who, in direct contact with the public, end up making policy in everyday practice. In Brazil, Gabriela Lotta (2019) and colleagues have shown the importance of mid-level bureaucracy, which translates guidelines into routines.
That is exactly where the coordinators and teams of the Centers stand. They are the ones who translate the national policy into the reality of each school system, negotiate with the top leadership of the education department, explain the concept to teachers and decide where to begin. Some teachers want to record video lessons so that students can study “sort of at a distance.” When a team notices this and decides to step back and explain what hybrid education is before opening the studio, it is doing implementation in the most precise sense of the word.
And what can be said about implementation in a continental, federal country? There is another layer that no imported theory resolves on its own: Brazil is a federation. Basic education is a responsibility shared by the federal government, the states and the municipalities, in a collaborative arrangement that Fernando Abrucio (2010) describes as permanently strained between national coordination and subnational autonomy. The RIEH is a national policy that only materializes when the federated entities choose to join it. The Ministry of Education provides structure, a platform and training; each school system must provide space, staff, counterpart commitments and integration with its own systems.
In a country of Brazil’s size and inequality, this means the same policy reaches profoundly different realities. Some regional offices are more than a thousand kilometers from the state capital. Some school systems have decades of experience with technology-mediated teaching, while others are starting from scratch. Some education departments have their own systems that do not communicate with the national platform. The question that has stayed with me since the first visits still holds: how can we seek unity without demanding uniformity?
And then there is political time. State and federal administrations change every four years; secretaries of education change even more often. Every change of administration reopens the question: “What is this, and why should we keep doing it?” The literature often distinguishes government policies, which depend on the will of whoever is in power, from state policies, institutionalized to the point of surviving such changes. What the RIEH field shows is that this transition is not achieved through regulations alone. It requires:
- people with stable employment, in formally established positions, so that knowledge does not leave with whoever departs;
- recorded institutional memory: plans, completed training and documented workflows and decisions, so that the next team does not have to rebuild everything;
- systems that talk to each other, because a digital policy that does not integrate data with the school systems creates manual work where it should create scale; and
- a network that circulates its own knowledge. Many managers have never visited another Center, yet they say that talking with colleagues from other states at RIEH meetings is “very motivating.” The network already works as emotional and technical support; what is missing is turning it into a permanent flow.
Perhaps the most important finding of this stage is this: the sustainability of a public policy lies not in the equipment installed, but in the density of the relationships it manages to weave and maintain. The Centers I saw working best are those where the policy found people, histories and bonds that hold it steady when the wind changes. The most fragile are those where everything depends on whoever holds the position right now.
This has practical consequences for those who design policies. Rather than measuring only studios inaugurated and equipment delivered, perhaps it is time to also track how many people sustain each Center, under what kind of contract, for how long, and what happens to the work when they leave.
I come back from every visit with respect for those who persist, start over and sustain the policy day after day. And with the conviction that researching the RIEH right now also means following a public policy through its hardest test: change.
References
ABRUCIO, F. L. A dinâmica federativa da educação brasileira: diagnóstico e propostas de aperfeiçoamento. In: OLIVEIRA, R. P.; SANTANA, W. (Orgs.). Educação e federalismo no Brasil: combater as desigualdades, garantir a diversidade. Brasília: UNESCO, 2010. p. 39-70.
LIPSKY, M. Street-level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1980.
LOTTA, G. (Org.). Teoria e análises sobre implantação de políticas públicas no Brasil. Brasília: Enap, 2019.
PRESSMAN, J. L.; WILDAVSKY, A. Implementation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
SOUZA, C. Políticas públicas: uma revisão da literatura. Sociologias, Porto Alegre, ano 8, n. 16, p. 20-45, jul./dez. 2006.






